4.
Composed bodies (sedimentation)
4.1.
Space is
a system of physical densities and physical pressures. The
space is continuously filled with a pressure field composed
of high-pressure particles and low-pressure particles. Both
of these types of particles are in unity. One cannot exist
without the other. Every particle is different. No two particles
are alike.
4.2.
Particles
(simple bodies) create composite bodies. Simple bodies and
composite bodies follow the same rules that apply to fractal
pressure systems. This means that if we observe the pressure
system at any size level, it always follows the same rules.
A composite body from particles can be considered as a simple
particle in a superior pressure system (in a superior frame
of reference).
4.3.
Each particle
forming a composite body must have its shell. Each body
composed of particles also must have its shell. The space
density of a particle consists of the density of its shell
and density of what is below the shell. The denser the interior
of the particle, the higher the pressure must be in its
shell. The thinner the interior of the particle, the lower
the pressure must be in its shell. In other words, the lower
the pressure in the particle, the higher the pressure in
its shell must be. The higher the pressure inside the particle,
the lower the pressure in its shell must be.
4.4.
The space
density of a particle is limited by the physical properties
of the space. The lowest limit of the particle space density
is given by the bottom temperature (density) of space („zero“
degrees Kelvin). The upper (natural) value does not
seem to be so „sharp“ and obvious.
It probably moves in temperatures around 5 million degrees
Kelvin.
4.5.
Example 4.1. A particle can be compared to a spiral
roll of paper. The spiral threads of low pressure (thick
paper) are separated from each other by spiral threads of
high pressure (thin air) and vice versa. Paper represents
a dense space and air a sparse space. In the case of (real)
space, this means a dense or sparse form of the same. The
threads (spherical surfaces) of the dense space are separated
from each other by the threads of the sparse space. And
vice versa.
4.6.
As the
particle cools, the (sparse) „air“ turns
into (dense) „paper“. The particle contains larger volume
of paper and less volume of air. The spatial density of
particle increases, the volume of the particle decreases.
The condition is that the pressure in the environment (T1) must be smaller than the pressure (T2)
in the particle (Fig. 4.1. a, above). The final stage of
cooling is the density (temperature) bottom. The particle
is now a roll of paper only, wrapped in air (maximum pressure).
Even in this („super dense“) roll, the paper turns are separated
from each other by („super sparse“) air.
4.7.
From the
temperature bottom there is only a way to higher temperatures.
In order for the particle to „expand“, its internal pressure
(T2) must be lower than the pressure
(T1) acting on the particle from
the environment (Fig. 4.1. a, bottom). Higher pressure from the environment
flows into the particle. The internal temperature (pressure)
in the particle increases. When heated, (dense) „paper“ turns into (thin) „air“. The particle „unpacks“, its volume
increases, the density of its space decreases.
![](obr_4_1.jpg)
Obr. 4.1.
4.8.
Composite high-pressure particles
4.8.
Interphase
(shell) of high-pressure particles (TV) is created by sum of surfaces low-pressures
particles (TN). Centripetal pressure is lower than centrifugal
pressure in (TV). (TV) has an outer (dense) shell, two hemispheres
separated by an equatorial countercurrent, and a central
channel (V) of low pressure (cumulus).
Obr. 4.2.
4.9.
In the
high-pressure particle (TV) pressure is directed (in a spiral)
from centrifugal side of the central channel to the centripetal
side of shell. The pressure from the environment is directed
to the centrifugal side of the particle’s outer shell (Fig.
4.8. a.). The environment pushes the high-pressure particles
together. There is low pressure in the shells of (TV). This
means that high-pressure particles can easily approach to
each other. When the shells approach to each other, a common
interphase is formed between them (Fig. 4.2. a, b). High-pressure
particles easily combine into clusters and form composite
bodies.
4.10.
For a „solitary“
particle, the transition between the shell and the
environment is gradual in the individual turns of the spiral
toroids. The common interface between the two (TV) consists
of the shells of both high-pressures (where there is low
pressure). They are separated from each other by a narrow
layer of high pressure, which is between them. A narrow
layer of high pressure between the shells of the two particles
allows them to separate without destroying them.
4.11.
The common
interface is flattened due to the high pressure acting from
inside both (TV). The pressure gradient in the common interphase
is high. In the common interphase, dense matter is pushed
out from the center to the edges (Fig. 4.2. b). Two dense
rings are formed (one for each TV), in which
there is low pressure. The rings are separated from each
other by a layer of high pressure (VT).
4.12.
A particle
is never „alone“ in space. Space
is formed of a continuous unity of particles (TV) and (TN).
The centrifugal pressure in (TV) is higher than the centripetal
pressure. This causes that each particle to „expand“ so long until the centrifugal pressure from its shell collides
with the centrifugal pressure from the shells of neighboring
particles (Fig. 4.2. e). Particle shells form a common interphase
in space. The entire space is thus completely filled.
4.13.
Where the
shells of particles touch each other, low pressure fibers
are formed. The greater the number of shells that
meet in common junctions, the more dense matter is transported
there, the more the density increases there and the pressure
decreases (Fig. 4.2. c). The result is a (continuous) fibrous
structure of space (Fig. 4.2. d). The fibrous structure
of the space is formed by the unity of pressure highs and
pressure lows. The fibrous structure of the space has a
fractal character.
4.14.
The existence
of the fibrous structure of space is an inevitable, phenomenon
that is a consequence of the basic properties of space.
All objects in the Universe are a continuous part of space,
they are nested in space and always have the same (fractal)
fibrous structure. Where there is space, there is the Universe,
there is also the (fractal) fibrous structure of space (Fig.
4.3. a).
4.15.
The fibrous
structure of space fills the entire Universe. Space is omnipresent.
Every area of space has its own density and its own
pressure (temperature). This means that pressure (temperature)
is also omnipresent. Pressure (temperature) acts on all
bodies in space at any moment.
4.16.
The unity
of high-pressure particles and low-pressure particles (plasma)
forms a continuous, dynamic (pulsating) environment, where
it is impossible to distinguish exactly where one pressure
system ends and the other begins. Plasma (the basic environment)
forms a continuous pressure field, which enables the continuous
course of all processes in space. As the ratio between the
volume of the particles, the volume of their shells and
the volume of their interiors changes, plasma can acquire
a huge range of spatial densities (Fig. 4.2. f).
4.17.
Example 4.2. For an approximate idea fibrous structure
of space and changes in its density, we can use the analogy
of a room full of inflatable balloons (cluster of balloons).
The balloons touch by their outer rubber surfaces (shells)
and fill the entire room. When we „tap“ on one balloon on one side of the room, a pressure impulse
is transmitted to the other side of the room through the
flexible rubber surfaces.
4.18.
When we
heat a cluster of balloons, the balloons expand, increasing
their volume (the density of space decreases). The consequence
is that even the entire room (space) will increase its volume
and reduce its density of the space. When we cool the cluster,
the balloons will start to shrink. Air volume = (VT) will decrease and rubber
volume = (NT) will increase. The result will be a smaller
room (smaller volume of space) filled with e.g. tennis balls
(more rubber, less air). The volume of the space will decrease,
the density of the space will increase. The physical properties
of such a space will vary. If we further cool this cluster,
we get only a small volume of golf balls surrounded by a
small amount air (density, temperature layer).
4.19.
We are
in a low-pressure. The density of space increases (in a
spiral) towards the center (decrease in pressure). Golf
balls (G) form a density and pressure (temperature) bottom
in the center (TN). The sedimentation process pushes the
(more sparse) tennis balls (R) above the super-dense particles
(G). Above the density layer of tennis balls (R) is the
density layer of soccer balls (T). Above the density layer
of soccer balls (T) is the density layer of inflatable balloons
(S). (Fig. 4.2. f).
![](obr_4_3.jpg)
Obr. 4.3.
4.20.
Example 4.3. On (Fig. 4.3.) there are several forms
of the fractal fiber structure of space. (Fig. 4.3. a) shows
fibrous structure of the Universe confirmed by observation.
Low pressure fibers are formed by the low-pressures particles
of galaxies, and low-pressures particles of star and planetary
systems. Between them are areas of high pressure, formed
by very high temperature plasma. See also (Fig. 9.1. g,
h).
4.21.
On (Fig.
4.3. b) is a picture of the pressure field on the surface
of the mass core of the star (the Sun). In the image we see bright areas formed
by hot (thin) plasma (VT), surrounded by (dark) areas of
cooler (dense) plasma (NT). Compare with (Fig. 4.2. d, bottom),
where the „cut“ is a similar fibrous
structure.
4.22.
On (Fig.
4.7. c) is the fibrous structure that forms a substantial
part of living organisms (fungi, bacteria, root systems,
bones, nerve fibers...). Nutrients are pushed into dense
fibers (NT) from the surrounding space (VT). In the case
of living organisms, it is necessary to perceive not only
the (dense) fibers, but also the (sparse) environment that
surrounds them and that is the driver of physical processes
in fibers.
4.23.
Composite low-pressures particles
4.23.
Low-pressure
particles have shell formed by high-pressure particles (Fig.
4.4. a). The centripetal pressure (d) from the shell is
higher than the centrifugal pressure (o). Between two low-pressures
particles, a high pressure region always arises, that pushes
the low-pressure particles apart. Therefore, low-pressure
particles combine only with great difficulty. The only „force“
that is able to hold the low-pressure particles together
is again the (superior) low-pressure particle by its centripetal
pressure.
![](obr_4_4.jpg)
Obr. 4.4.
4.24.
The pressure between
the arms (V1, V2)
low-pressure particle (N) decreases (in a spiral) towards
the center (Fig. 4.4. a). The higher pressure from the arm
(V1) flows in the spirals (V11a)
and (V11b) to the arm (V2),
which is closer to the center. A low-pressure (N11)
is created between the arms (V11a) and (V11b). Subsequently a
new (denser) wave (N12) forms
behind the head of (N11). Similarly low-pressures (N13...
N1n). The sum (N11,
N12...N1n) forms the arm (N1) of low-pressure (N). Towards the central channel, the
pressure decreases and the density of space increases.
4.25.
(Fig. 4.4.
b) shows the factuality of pressure systems. The subordinate
low-pressure (N11) has a shell
of high pressure, represented by the arms (V11a,
V11b). Between the arms (V11a,
V11b) are formed subordinate (fractal)
low-pressures (N111, N112,
... N11n) the sum of which
forms the arm (N11). We would also find a superior pressure
system to (N). Both superior low-pressures and subordinate
lows-pressures are subject to the same rules. See also (Fig.
10.1.).
4.26.
Relationship between simple particle and
environment (sedimentation)
4.26.
Sedimentation
is a fundamental physical process in space. Sedimentation
is the main cause of particles movement in space. Space
(the environment) exerts pressure impulses on the surface
area of the particle until the space density of the environment
and the space density of the particle equalize. The effects
of environmental pressure on the northern hemisphere and
the southern hemisphere of the particle roughly equalize.
Then the movement of the particle „stops“. The particle does not have enough pressure
impulse to overcome the interphase and cannot „escape“ from
its density sphere to the neighboring density sphere. The
particle becomes part of the environment.
4.27.
Example 4.4. Let's use a simplified model of the
particle as a spiral roll of paper. A particle is always
asymmetric. The shape of the internal pressure field of
the particle depends on the shape of the particle.
The shape of the particle depends on the external
pressure field. In (Fig. 4.1. c, top right) the particle
is in a low pressure environment. Oriented pressure (OT)
in environment decreases toward the center. A higher environmental
pressure (VT) acts on the northern hemisphere of the particle.
A lower environmental pressure (NT) acts on the southern
hemisphere of the particle. As a result, the northern hemisphere
is more voluminous than the southern hemisphere. The southern
hemisphere forms the tip of the particle. See also (Fig.
4.8. a).
4.28.
A higher
environmental pressure (VT) acts on the larger northern
surface of the particle. The smaller environmental pressure
(NT) acts on the smaller southern surface of the particle.
A particle moves in the direction from which the least pressure
is exerted on its surface. The particle is pushed by the
environmental pressure (OT) in the direction from „north
to south“ (Fig. 4.1. c, top left).
This means towards the center (TN). In (Fig. 4.1. c, bottom
left) a low-pressure particle is in an environment with
a high pressure character. In accordance with the rules
of the spherical geometry of space, the particle is pushed
by the environmental pressure towards „north“. That means
away from the center.
4.29.
It is almost
impossible to describe the interactions between particles
and the environment due to their diversity and constant
changes in (dynamic) space. Nevertheless, some characteristics
of the basic relationships between high-pressure particles
and low-pressure particles and the pressure field of the
environment can be indicated.
4.30.
The direction
of movement of a particle in space determines the ratio
of the pressure in the particle and the pressure in the
environment. We distinguish two basic states of particles
with respect to the environment. Low-pressure particles
and high-pressure particles. Also, the environment (a body
made up of particles) can have the character of low pressure
(density of space increases toward the center, pressure
decreases) or high pressure (density of space decreases
toward the center, pressure increases). This gives a basic
relationship between the particle and the environment (space).
4.31.
For a particle in a high pressure, the rule applies. When the space density of a particle
is higher than the space density of the environment, the
particle is pushed (on spiral) towards from the center.
When the space density of a particle is lower than the space
density of the environment, the particle is pushed (on spiral)
towards the center (Fig. 4.5. a).
4.32.
For a particle in a low pressure, the
rule applies. When the space density of a particle is higher
than the space density of the environment, the particle
is pushed (on spiral) towards the center. When the space
density of a particle is lower than the space density of
the environment, the particle is pushed (on spiral) away
from the center (Fig. 4.5. b).
4.33.
Valid in
both environments. When the space density of a particle
is similar to the space density of the environment, the
particle remains in this density sphere and becomes a continuous
part of the environment. These rules also apply to bodies
composed of particles.
![](obr_4_5.jpg)
Obr.
4.5.
4.34.
Sedimentation
4.34.
Simple
particles join together to form composite bodies of particles.
Bodies composed of particles exchange pressure with each
other again through the particles. The exchange of pressure
takes place by the flow of (simple) particles through the
space between the composite particles. We distinguish the equatorial flow (RP)
and the polar flow (PP).
4.35.
Equatorial flow (RP). High-pressures (VT) push dense matter
(low pressure) toward the edges of their equatorial countercurrents.
Low pressures (TN) take condensed matter from the equatorial
countercurrents (TV), push it into the centers of their
equatorial countercurrents, and in the process thicken it
further (Fig. 4.6. a). Equatorial flow takes place between
the equatorial countercurrents (TV) and (TN). (Fig. 4.7.).
4.36.
Polar flow (PP). (TV) push dense matter (low pressure)
into their central canals (cumulus). (TN) push sparse matter
(high pressure) into their central canals (eye). The central
canals are open and their interiors are part of the environment
(Fig. 4.6.). Polar flow takes place between the central
channels (TV) and (TN). (Fig. 4.7.).
4.37.
On (Fig.
4.7.) are two layers of high-pressure particles (V11,
V12) and (V21,
V22) and between them low-pressure particles (N1, N2) in a low pressure environment.
We distinguish here the equatorial flow (RP1,
RP2) and the polar flow (PPa > PPb >PPc). In the case of a low pressure environment, the pressure
in the „northern“ polar flow is
stronger than in the „southern“ one. This determines the
flow direction in the central channel, which for (TN) is
always towards the tip of the particle (Fig. 4.5). The opposite
is true for high pressure.
![](obr_4_6.jpg)
Obr. 4.6.
4.38.
The equatorial
flow divides the pressure field into a kind of density „half-layer“ the polar flow divides the pressure field into density layers
(density spheres). In fact, there are alternating high and
low pressure spherical surfaces in the individual turns
of the spiral toroids. The density of space increases towards
the center, the pressure decreases (in TN). This somewhat
surreal situation is shown in (Fig. 4.6. b). It should be
remembered that both equatorial countercurrents and polar
flows have two halves („northern“ and „southern“) that rotate in opposite directions to each
other.
4.39.
All particles
have sidereal rotation. Equatorial and polar currents contribute
to the synchronization of particles rotations. The rotations
in the central channels synchronize with the prevailing
rotation in the pressure field. These are complex processes
that change at every moment. The rotation of particles results
in the periodic movement of equatorial countercurrents in
a north-south direction. Equatorial countercurrents move faster
in the direction of a stronger pressure drop in the environment
than in the opposite direction. Movement increases the pressure
impulse by which the surface of one body can act on the
surface of another body. This means that the particles exert
a greater pressure impulse with their surfaces in one direction
than in the opposite direction. Since the rotation (movement)
of the particles is synchronized, an oriented pressure field
(OT) is created. The oriented
pressure field (OT) acts on the surfaces of the inserted
bodies according to the rules shown in (Fig. 4.5.).
![](obr_4_7.jpg)
Obr. 4.7.
4.40.
Example 4. 4. On (Fig. 4.8. b) there is a view from
the pole into the north hemisphere of low-pressure particle
(N). The pressure field of northern hemisphere (N) consists
of two spiral toroids of high pressure (V1,
V2) and two spiral toroids of
low pressure (N1, N2) between them (Fig. 4.8. c). The density increases non-linearly
towards the center. Low-pressure (N) has three density spheres
(H1< H2<H3), to which correspond to pressures (T1>T2>T3). The spheres are separated
from each other by interphases (MF 1-2) and (MF 2-3), which
are similar to the polar flow (Pa, Pb,
Pc) from (Fig. 4.7.).
![](obr_4_8.jpg)
Obr. 4.8.
4.41.
In the
density sphere (H2) there are
three particles with different density. The particle (N11)
is sparser than the environment in (H2).
(N11) is pushed by the environment
(in a spiral) into its density sphere (HN11 = H1). In doing so, it must
overcome the pressure in the interphase (MF 1-2) = (Pa).
4.42.
The particle
(N13) is denser than the environment
in (H2) and is pushed by the environment (in a spiral) into the
density sphere (HN3 = H3).
In doing so, it must overcome the intermediate phase (MF2-3)
= (Pc). The particle (N12) has
the same density as the surrounding environment (HN12
= H2). It becomes part of the environment and remains in (H2).
4.43.
From the
point of view of pressure, sedimentation in a particle (N)
can be described as follows. The pressure in the particle
(N11) is higher than the pressure
in the density sphere (H2). (N11) is pushed by the environment in the direction from the
center (N). The pressure in the particle (N13)
is lower than pressure in the density
sphere (H2). (N13) is pushed in the direction
towards the center (N). The pressure in the particle (N2) is the same as the pressure in the environment (H2), the particle remains in density sphere (H2) and becomes
part of the environment.